Accounting History Essay Example

Bookkeeping History Essay Example Bookkeeping History Essay Bookkeeping History Essay A SHORT HISTORY OF ACCOUNTING AND BUSINESS The historical backdrop of bookkeeping is as old as human progress, among the most significant callings in monetary and social turn of events. Bookkeepers created composing, created cash and banking, advanced the twofold passage accounting framework that filled the Italian Renaissance, were required by Industrial Revolution creators and business people for endurance, built up the capital markets vital for huge business so basic for free enterprise, transformed into a calling that brought validity for complex strategic approaches that started the financial blast of the twentieth century, and are fundamental to the data transformation that is currently changing the worldwide economy. Twenty-first century bookkeeping will take after advanced science and will keep on being among the basic callings of the new century. Bookkeepers have not exceeded expectations in advertising, yet their story is entrancing. What's more, here it is. There are no commonly recognized names among the bookkeeping pioneers; truth be told, for all intents and purposes no names get by before the Italian Renaissance. It took archeologists to uncover the early history and researchers from numerous fields to exhibit the significance of bookkeeping to such a large number of parts of financial matters and culture. This book covers the incredible occasions. From shippers and copyists some time before composing and cash, to today’s worldwide data systems. Bookkeeping history is summed up in seven sections. An outline places bookkeeping in context. Here and there bookkeeping hasn’t changed since Luca Paciolli (father of present day bookkeeping) composed the primary reading material in 1494. Then again, bookkeeping has driven the data upset. Numerous parts of 21st century bookkeeping will be unrecognizable by today’s proficient pioneers. Understanding the job of budgetary needs today and later on requires a comprehension of the past. The job of bookkeeping in the old world is coming into more clear concentration with new archeological disclosures and inventive translations of the ancient rarities. It is presently clear that composing created over in any event 5,000 years-by bookkeepers. The jobs of exchange, cash, and credit additionally have long and complex chronicles. It is hard to overestimate the significance of twofold passage accounting. It was vital to the achievement of the Italian vendors, important to birth of the Renaissance. The Industrial Revolution relied upon innovators and business visionaries, not bookkeepers. It is the endurance of their organizations that necessary inventive bookkeeping and, later, the advancement of a calling. Huge business, especially the railways, required capital markets that relied upon exact and valuable data. This was provided by the extending bookkeeping calling. The soonest of the Big Eight began in mid-nineteenth century London. Turn of the century America saw the ascent of huge business, manageable in view of progress in cost bookkeeping. Be that as it may, the Crash of 1929 and the ensuing Great Depression exhibited issues with capital markets, strategic approaches, and, truly, impressive insufficiencies in bookkeeping rehearses. Numerous parts of current bookkeeping rehearses began with the surge of business guidelines from the Roosevelt organization. The most punctual electronic PCs were subsidized to help the World War II endeavors. By 1950 huge endeavors were started to robotize bookkeeping rehearses, a proceeding with process. A worldwide continuous incorporated framework is a close to the real world, recommending new bookkeeping standards supplanting twofold section and sound accounting standards. Why perused this book? What we do today in bookkeeping depends on a 10,000-year history. Understanding this history is important to grasping the linkages of bookkeeping to vocation potential, money related guideline, charge, bookkeeping frameworks, and the board choice issues. This history likewise is a useful asset to foresee the bookkeeping of the people to come. The dad and the principal trend-setter of bookkeeping is Luca Pacioli (1445 1517), otherwise called Friar Luca dal Borgo, is credited for the introduction of bookkeeping. His Summa de arithmetica, geometrica, proportioni et proportionalita (Summa on number juggling, geometry, extents and proportionality, Venice 1494), was a course book for use in the abbaco schools of northern Italy, where the children of vendors and specialists were instructed. It was an abridgment of the scientific information on his time, and incorporates the first printed portrayal of the strategy for keeping accounts that Venetian dealers utilized around then, known as the twofold passage bookkeeping framework. Despite the fact that Pacioli systematized as opposed to designed this framework, he is broadly viewed as the Father of Accounting. The framework he distributed included the vast majority of the bookkeeping cycle as we probably am aware it today. He portrayed the utilization of diaries and records, and cautioned that an individual ought not rest around evening time until the charges equalled the credits! His record had represents resources (counting receivables and inventories), liabilities, capital, salary, and costs - the record classifications that are accounted for on an associations monetary record and pay articulation, individually. He exhibited year-end shutting passages and recommended that a preliminary equalization be utilized to demonstrate a decent record. His treatise likewise addresses a wide scope of related subjects from bookkeeping morals to cost bookkeeping.

Impact Of Social Media On Business Commerce Essay

Effect Of Social Media On Business Commerce Essay Online life or at the end of the day New Media characterizes interpersonal interaction destinations like Facebook, Twitter, Flicker, Youtube alongside a lot more locales that draw in clients to take part in,comment on and make content as methods for speaking with their social group,other clients and public.It can happen through a computer(like workstations and netbooks),tablets(like iPads,iTouch and others) and versatile phones(smart phones).Social media in todays world has become a worldwide wonder. Online networking in todays world is a piece of any business, no organizations can sell there items without the assistance of internet based life since web-based social networking is a mass correspondence media which takes the detail of value and cost of the item to the customers. Subsequently online networking encourages the firm completely to get the benefit from the business . 1Agnihotri, Raj; Kothandaraman, Prabakar; Kashyap, Rajiv; Singh, Ramendra. (2012). effect of internet based life on business. Journal of Personal Selling Sales Management.â . 32 (16), p333-348. This article is extremely fascinating, it gives helpful data about the historical backdrop of internet based life and it clarifies how web based life impacts business. It has valuable data about the effect of social on business In various fields of business. I will utilize this source in my last exposition since it clarifies about various terms for instance deals the board, business insight, business arranging and some more. Besides, it clarifies how the organistaions accomplish objectives utilizing online networking. Its a quickest developing procedure in business associations which portrays an objective in an associations. Anyway web based life is a significant instrument which discloses how to keep up assignments in different fields like a sales rep to keep up a vocation in a superior manner to make a vocation esteem. This article is giving me various thoughts how the business is finished with the assistance of online networking. As should be obvious this article has the basic focuses about the internet based life showcasing methodologies, firms systems, business arranging and deals the board. Dave Ray . (2010). The Positive Effects of Social Media. Available: http://www.searchengineisland.com/2012/05/constructive outcomes of-web-based social networking online.html. Last got to 28th oct 2012. This site clarifies about the positive effect of online networking on business. It discloses how to utilize web based life for future online business whatever it might be, an item or advertising which will deliver you profit by the day's end. This site additionally gives data about how online networking has developed in the overall for the most part in business, as should be obvious these days no business runs without the assistance of web based life. Anyway utilizing this webpage for my last exposition will be increasingly valuable since it bring up how the business firms use organizing sites to stay in contact with clients, inspect the, and know there taste and inclination . Thusly this site is giving me various thoughts and it explains about various systems administration social and business situated interpersonal organization sites and it likewise illuminate how the organizations accomplish their objectives with the assistance of internet based life organizing sites ( for instance facebook, twitter and myspace) john souza. (2011).â social media highlights for a lift in business.Available: http://socialmediamarketinguniversity.com/10-musthave-web-based social networking highlights help business/. Last got to 28th oct 2012. I am accepting this site as my source since it gives me insight regarding online life highlights which encourages the organizations to improve their business. It represent about different web-based social networking sites like facebook, twitter, linkedin and youtube. For instance: facebook pages helps the endeavor in promoting their item on their pages which are preferred by numerous individuals and at whatever point a product is loved by a part it goes on his/her own profile hence the venture uninhibitedly publicized and it spares the expense of the ware. Just as in twitter, on the off chance that a record is moved up to proficient, at that point their will be numerous individuals to tweet you which implies more benefit for the firm. In this way I should utilize this source in my last paper since it characterizes web-based social networking in a superior manner and it shows how the business firms make their brands name famous and how they make they benefit by utilizing internet based life arrange pages . Catherine Lovering. (2010). Negative Effects of Social Media on Business. Available: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/negative-impacts web based life business-25682.html. Last got to 27th oct 2012 I am accepting this article as my hotspot for the last exposition , various articles clarifies various things as this clarifies me how web based life makes issues for business firms . In nowadays no organization can utilize negative items as they are seen by media, supposing that they do, media makes negative anecdotes about their items which makes a major issue for the organization and friends is plugged with the awful name in the market . Online life is a major piece of the business ,web-based social networking welcomes everybody to its locale representatives, works and customers . online life makes trouble for the organizations to state about their brands that are negative, since clients are straightforwardly welcome to media and they would remark on the brands that abusive . Subsequently, utilizing this article as a source in my last exposition will be increasingly useful then some other in light of the fact that it calls attention to many negative points about social middle negative effects on business and how can it makes issue for organizations like discussing unapproved laborers for associations sake. Rodriguez, Michael; Peterson, Robert M.; Krishnan, Vijaykumar. . (2012). effect of online life on business. Journal of Personal Selling Sales Management.â . 32 (14), p365-378. In this article Michael, Robert and vijay kumar has clarified how the online life impact business firms. As indicated by Neilson company(2010), web based life clients overall developed about 30 percent in 2010, from 244 million to almost 315 million clients. Research from Gartners customers innovation and markets bunches guage that worldwide spending via web-based networking media would add up to $14.9 billion in 2012(Gupta 2011) (content.ebscohost.com/ContentServer.asp?EbscoContent ) Consequently, as the utilization of online networking rises, the cost of the item additionally rises and the client who are called lord of the market will in general change to its substitutes of that ware which has the meriting cost as opposed to the product that is promote through methods for web based life. This article has talked about the negative effects of online networking which says that due to web based life numerous huge business firms loses its clients consistently for a wide range of reasons.

Learn All About the Evaluative Essay

Learn All About the Evaluative Essay What is an Evaluative Essay? Home›Research Posts›What is an Evaluative Essay? Research PostsThe success of your evaluative essay depends on how well you present your opinion and evidence to illustrate your point. The following writing tips will guide you through the process and help you familiarize yourself with all the crucial components of this type of essays. It’s Saturday night, and you are meeting your best friend Bernadette to watch a movie together. They are showing Love, Specifically and The Mountains Have Ears tonight. Both seem to be interesting. You feel like having a good laugh but your fried is more of a thriller fan. Now, you cannot choose between a romantic comedy and a suspense thriller, so you decide to call a friend of yours, Lucy, who has recently seen both of them. She says that you’d better go see Love, Specifically. You are pleased with her answer but Bernadette insists on a thriller. When asked what’s so special about Love, Specifically, Lucy says so mething like “Have no idea, just loved it.”Most probably, such a reply will be frustrating for you and your thriller-loving friend. Had Lucy learned the elements of a good evaluative essay, she would give a more informative and useful response. The thing is, writing an evaluative essay is similar to reviewing something. As you might have guessed from its name, an evaluative essay contains a value judgment. The basic components of an evaluative essay are:The judgment, your general opinion about the subject; The criteria, the justification of your opinion; Evidence. This is a crucial component which is needed to support your claims.Remember all those instances when you received a refusal of permission to do something without proper explanation? ‘Can I play with this dog?’ ‘No!’ ‘Why?’ ‘Because I’m your mother and I say so, that’s why!’ I hope you understand that ‘because I say so’ is not an argumentative reply. Neither is Lucy’s ‘just loved it.’ To ma ke your argument strong, you have to provide good reasons and reliable evidence. What Does Evaluative Essay Consist of? Evaluative essay is still an essay, so it should also include of the basic parts of an academic essay: introduction, background information and criteria (the body of an essay), and conclusion.Introduction plays a substantial role in your paper because it helps set the scene for the following discussion. This paragraph should contain a thesis statement, which is your basic claim, the reason for writing the paper at all. Without it, your evaluative essay will have no focus.Next, provide background information about what you are discussing. The reader has to know the subject, so be sure to provide a brief summary, description, explanation, etc. The background information has twofold purpose:helps the readers understand what you are discussing;helps you explain your purpose.If you think about it, you’ll understand that all movies have different purpose. While a thril ler would be more appropriate for people who like to spend an hour or two on the edge of their seats, romantic comedies are a better choice for those in the mood for laughing. This does not mean one film is better than the other; it’s just that you have to keep their purposes in mind and choose different approaches when evaluating them.

Abortion Is An Act Of Murder Essay - 1271 Words

Have you ever wondered where the beginning of your individual life began? Life is precious and not guaranteed, yet many individuals take it for granite. Visualize having your life ripped away from you without being allowed to say whether or not you want to live. This is how it is with unborn babies in their mother’s womb when the mothers decide to have an abortion. There is much controversy regarding abortion as a whole. Abortion is a procedure that terminates any pregnancy (Dictionary.com). When discussing abortion, some would say the beginning of life started once an infant took his or her first breath during delivery and others would say life began the second they were formed in its mother’s womb. Based on either viewpoint, is abortion considered an act of murder? A pro-abortionist considers life to begin once the mother has successfully delivered the child during birth. The nine months that the infant is in the mother’s womb, he or she is considered a fetus. An abortion to these particular individuals is not considered murder, but rather terminating a fetus (Walsh). A fetus is an unborn mammal or human being (Dictionary.com). So, if a fetus is considered a human being, then why is it not murder? The infant is a human being, but just has not been born yet? Some would say that abortion is necessary is some instances. For example, it would be okay if there were health concerns for either the unborn child or the mother during the pregnancy. If an individual does not want toShow MoreRelatedAbortion : An Act Of Population Reduction920 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion: Legalized Murder A resounding tune states that people make the world go around. It is understandable that old age, illnesses, accidents, wars, and many other disasters bring on reductions within the population. Yet, abortion as an act of population reduction is often a topic that many people would rather not discuss. Abortions account for 1.3 million deaths among unborn children yearly (â€Å"Abortion: Late-Term/Partial Birth 2). The purpose of this research is to argue that, with the exceptionRead MorePro Choice And Pro Life927 Words   |  4 Pageslegalization, death penalty, border fence, legalization of gay marriages and abortion. One topic that cannot be overlooked is abortion! Even Presidential candidates often use these controversial topics, such as abortion, to their advantage to encourage people to vote for them in the upcoming elections. Ultimately, when it comes to abortions, one has to deal with the fact that they are renouncing religious principles and committing murder. First, it is important to establish background information on the twoRead MorePro Choice And Pro Life922 Words   |  4 Pageslegalization, death penalty, border fence, legalization of gay marriages and abortion. One topic that cannot be overlooked is abortion! Even Presidential candidates often use these controversial topics, such as abortion, to their advantage to encourage people to vote for them in the upcoming elections. Ultimately, when it comes to abortions, one has to deal with the fact that they are renouncing religious principles and committing murder. First, it is important to establish background information on the twoRead MoreAbortion is a Murder Essay721 Words   |  3 Pageson-going subject that has been greatly debated in our society is abortion. Many people argue that because the baby in the mother’s womb is not alive, aborting him or her is not considered a murder. However, others say that as the baby’s heart and brain are the first things to develop, the ba by is technically alive and killing it would be a murder. As soon as the baby has a heartbeat, it has life. 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The experience was terrifying and all she wanted to do was forget about it, forget about him on top of her, making her do things that should only be done with someone she loves. The rape is finally over and he lets her go after making her promise not to tell. A few weeks after the rape she still hadn’t told, but started feeling woozy and nauseous in theRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal Or Illegal?939 Words   |  4 Pagesof the more heated issues is abortion. Abortion has been around at almost every point in American history. Consequently, since the Supreme Court decision of Roe v. Wade there have been approximately 57,762,169 abortions in America (â€Å"Are You†). This raises the question of should abortion be legal or illegal, and is this immoral or moral to do? The decision to have an abortion can be a difficult time in a woman’s life, but is not a moral way to end a pre gnancy. Abortion in the United States should beRead MoreAbortion Should Be Legal?1512 Words   |  7 Pagesto dictionary.com, abortion is defined as â€Å"the removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy†¦any of various surgical methods for terminating a pregnancy.† The famous well-known Supreme Court case that addresses the issue of abortion is Roe v. Wade. The Supreme Court concluded that women have the right to obtain an abortion until the fetus is viable, or usually when a woman reaches her trimester of pregnancy. Prior to the Supreme Court case, abortion was illegal in manyRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Abortion1077 Words   |  5 PagesAbortion has been one of the hottest debates for many years now. Abortion is the process of taking the life of an innocent unborn child resting harmlessly in their mothers womb. Abortion is known to be a sensitive topic, but like the conservative political commentator Ben Shapiro said, â€Å"Facts don t care about your feelings† (qtd. in Berrien). Pro-choice supporters deny the facts that abortion is wrong and disgusting. Abortion is an evil act and it should be made illegal. The most controversialRead MoreEssay about Using Utilitarianism to Address Abortion1286 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper, I will be defining act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism, use both standpoints from a rule utilitarian and an act utilitarian to decipher their responses to abortion, and investigate both claims to come to a conclusion if or if not utilitarianism is adequate enough argument to address abortion. First the definition of utilitarianism is, â€Å"An act is morally right if and only if it does more to improve overall happiness than any available alternative† (Farley). Overall happiness

Persuasive Speech on Education in Healthcare - 1099 Words

Persuasive Speech Topic: Why choosing health care as a career is a smart choice General Purpose: To persuade Specific Purpose: By the end of my speech, my audience should be able to: A. State why health care is a growing field. B. Make an informed decision when choosing a career in health care. Introduction I. Attention-Getting Device: How many students in college know what there career goals are? A. Many students go to college to appease their parents and don’t know what they want to do. B. Some students may pick a major and later find their career options limited or even worse find that their degree wont support them financially. II. Thesis: A career in the health care industry is a smart choice†¦show more content†¦In a report by payscale.com last updated 11-3-2011 the average pay for an elementary school teacher is 40,000 a year. Could you imagine have school loans for a bachelors degree and barley making 18 dollars an hour with no opportunity for making time and a half. B. In a report for accountants also by payscale.com last updated on 10-25-2011 the average pay range is between 33-56,000 a year. This pay range is with a bachelor’s degree. C. In a report by payscale.com for nursing careers. A Nurse with an associate’s degree that works at a hospital such as Doctors or Memorial makes an average of 80,000 a year. Because of the associates degree the nurse has less school loans then they would with a Bachelors. Conclusion I. Summary: Lets recap. A. Health care is the fastest growing industry; the baby boomers are retiring and need to be cared for. B. To work in health care does not mean you have to go to school for 10 years to become a doctor. You can earn your associates or bachelors degree and make a good living. C. All of these top majors require working with the public why not have a rewarding career where everyday you make a difference in the lives of others. II. Closing Device: I know that I cannot convince people to change majors. 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Attention getter: 20.1% as of the year 2010. 5 to 10 is the number of meals a child eats at school. The percentage of obese children in the US. The number is 4 times higher than 1970s. If you have been to elementary, middle or high school, at some time, you have been exposed to canteen food. II. Thesis:Read MoreThe Cuban Revolution Of Cuba1670 Words   |  7 Pagesover Cuba. Batista turned the Cuban capital of Havana into one of the largest gambling cities in the world. Batista reorganised the Cuba’s treasury so that political representatives and himself can take freely from the riches. Under Batista’s rule, education and health care wasn’t free to the general public. The Cuban public were not satisfied with Batista and how he was ruling Cuba, the people didn’t have a say in decisions in government, were treated unfairly with high taxes, selling/giving the peoplesRead MoreNew Dell Sonicpoint Series Enhances Wireless Network Security Solution994 Words   |  4 Pagesthe 802.11ac wireless standard, enabling retail point-of-sale businesses, schools and healthcare organizations to provide their employees, students and customers with high-speed wireless connectivity. This section reviews the history of Wireless Network Security Solutions, what changes have been made to the latest version and how Dell Software Group has made it beneficial for their customers/ investors. †¢ Education level: K-12 Schools and universities Wireless has become an imperative for virtuallyRead MoreMemorandum to the Future President of the United States1353 Words   |  6 Pagesinterviews and more to encourage a positive image of the president and his policies. 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This description coincides with Dahlgren and Whitehead’s Social Determinants of Health (1992) where the individual’s health is not only limited to medical factors but it is largely influenced by lifestyle – rootingRead MoreEveryone’S Had Their Own Go At How Labour And The Greens1458 Words   |  6 PagesEveryone’s had their own go at how Labour and the Greens can take back power, even with most of the economic, social, and political indicators going the governments’ way. There’s no education in the second kick of a bull. Or indeed the fourth kick, which by about 50-50 is where we are headed in 2017. Losing four terms in a row would suck. it would alter the landscape, in ways that the left would find hard to recover from for many, many years. And winning will not be determined on whether we areRead MoreDeveloping a Health Advocacy Program Essay examples3070 Words   |  13 Pageshealthy environments. 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Law Office Management Unit 5 Free Essays

PA305: Law Office Management Unit 5 Assignment ? Goals 1. Always be approachable 2. Always be responsive 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Law Office Management Unit 5 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Efficiency 4. Devote ourselves and our work to our clients 5. Dedication to the satisfaction to the satisfaction of our clients 6. Dedicated to the well-being of the client 7. Make sure all clients are happy 8. Develop a sophisticated system 9. All clients questions and concerns will be addressed in an organized and timely manner 10. Exceed expectations of the client 1. Supply donations and Pro Bono work each month. 12. Morally and ethically work to ensure justice is served for everyone. Mission Statement Crystal Jones is an innovative general practice firm, specializing in civil procedure and family law. Here you get a small town feel from a city firm; we will always be approachable, responsive, efficient and devoted to our clients. Our staff is dedicated to the satisfaction, well-being and happiness of each and every client. Technologically sophisticated systems, mean inquiries and concerns will always be addressed in an organized and timely manner. Crystal Jones is ever evolving, raising the bar for clients in the future. We promise to do our best to exceed all expectations of our clients, devoting ourselves to the issues at hand, until they are fully resolved. Our dedication does not stop at our clients; we are fully dedicated to our community supplying donations and Pro Bono work each month. At Crystal Jones we will morally and ethically work to ensure justice is served. How to cite Law Office Management Unit 5, Essays

Outsourcing Model of Drugs Development in The Pharmaceutical Industry

Qusestion: Describe the outsourcing model of drugs development in the pharmaceutical industry? Answer: Introduction In the field of pharmaceuticals, outsourcing can be defined as, the contracting or making a partnership model with a third party for related studies and services. The concept of outsourcing was not new, as it came from the general venture of business firms. In the present context of competitive marker and globalization of services and products, the objectives are linked with long-term goals (Higgins, Rodriguez, 2006, pp.351). In this context, focusing on third party for the services implies two peculiar advantages, viz. (i) do not require any critical strategies; (ii) do not need any special competency or capabilities. Talking particularly about the drug development, the outsourcing can be more or less linked with RD outsourcing and clinical development (jones, 2000, pp.341). Furthermore, before discussing the core concepts of outsourcing the drug development, it is also important to discuss that the term is subjected to be more competitive and challenging, similar to other subjects, such as resource planning, insourcing and marketing. Important considerations The key considerations with respect to outsourcing models of drug development in pharmaceutical industries can be made rebuttal with following points (Govender, 2007): When to make the outsourcing Vendor selection and criteria assumption according to the requirements Not to conflict with the in-house expertise and resources Deciding a cost-effective strategy for making outsourcing Recruitment of patient for making the control and variable studies Matching to the guidelines and policies of local, national and international regulatory and ethical classes Cost-effective strategies for outsourcing of drug models by pharmaceutical companies Some of the key considerations, which are pre-requisite for making the settings and assumptions of outsourcing, are discussed in this context. It is more for the companies to identify the cost-effective strategies as they can help in making the model studies fruitful, both according to organizational objective and cost-effective strategies of organization (Gupta, 2009, pp.219). Cross-checking whether the in-house resources and expertise are sufficient for execution of drug candidate studies and clinical services. To check the resources, with respect to requirement and availability. Identification and assessment with respect to the resource. It is necessary to analyze whether the resources are sufficient and optimal for the execution of the studies. Another important consideration is to analyze and cross check whether the in-house project for the same will be cost-effective. Time is also one of the crucial factors. Hence, the time-effectiveness of the work should also be analyzed. Current outsourcing relationships in pharmaceutical industries It is noteworthy to mention that the present report do not contains the figures of investment and reference of specific pharmaceutical firms. The reason being is the cost and the nature of projects (pilot-scale and major projects) differs according to the stages of drug developments (Kaplan Laing, 2005). The current practices of pharmaceutical firms are: Objective to adopt measurable goals and objectives Ensure the service and cost is beneficial for both the parties Mutual respect and partnership model where both parties can learn from each other Appropriate management system and documentation Tract and measure the performance at every stage of drug development or clinical study phases Involvement of both positive and negative feedback from both the ends Progress review, audit and monitoring of the each and every steps Definite communication skills and utilization of conflict resolution strategies Loyalty, confidentiality and appropriate authorization of the information Conclusive note The financial, scientific and appropriate protocol are the key considerations in the process of outsourcing for the drug development procedure in the pharmaceutical firms. Key benefits associated with the outsourcing process are (Lim, K. 2004, pp.287): Increased value of the stakeholders Competitive advantage Accurate resource management and time effective process Improved and organized focus on the core process Cost reduction Technical and scientific ad-hoc support is available to all quality and type of drug designing process. Increase in the regional and global capabilities Source: Goldman Sachs, PhRMA, EFPIA and authors estimates and analyses A general figure of the outsourcing revenue related information spanning from year 1999 to 2007 can be found from figure 1. It can be noted that the revenue being invested in the outsourcing is being increased in the year wise comparison of the global scenario. The outsourcing services can be linked with computation models (docking, high thoughput screening), cell line studies (various cancer cell line), genetic studies (preparing heat map, knock-out gene), animal model studies (mouse, monkey and other), human trials (volunteers individual and diseased individual) and various other techniques, models and experimental tools needed for the course of drug designing. References: GOVENDER, I. 2007. An analysis of the key drivers, decision making and strategic issues with respect to outsourcing in the SA pharmaceutical manufacturing industry. GUPTA, S., WOODSIDE, A., DUBELAAR, C., BRADMORE, D. 2009. Diffusing knowledge-based core competencies for leveraging innovation strategies: Modelling outsourcing to knowledge process organizations (KPOs) in pharmaceutical networks. Industrial Marketing Management, 38(2), 219-227. HIGGINS, M. J., RODRIGUEZ, D. 2006. The outsourcing of RD through acquisitions in the pharmaceutical industry. Journal of Financial Economics, 80(2), 351-383. JONES, O. 2000. Innovation Management as a Post Modern Phenomenon: The Outsourcing of Pharmaceutical RD. British Journal of Management, 11(4), 341-356. Kaplan, W., Laing, R. (2005). Local production of pharmaceuticals: industrial policy and access to medicines. World Bank HNP discussion paper. LIM, K. 2004. The relationship between research and innovation in the semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries (19811997). Research policy, 33(2), 287-321.

Understanding Meta Descriptions and How Best to Use Them

Understanding Meta Descriptions and How Best to Use Them Although many people dont give meta descriptions much thought, they can play a huge role in determining what websites we click and how much traffic a given page will receive. Whether youre running a new website or trying to boost traffic to your company page, it is important to understand what meta descriptions are and the role they play. Stay tuned to learn more about meta descriptions! CortezTextbroker Marketing and CommunicationsEven if you dont realize it, you probably see meta descriptions on a daily basis. Although many people dont give meta descriptions much thought, they can play a huge role in determining what websites we click and how much traffic a given page will receive. Whether youre running a new website or trying to boost traffic to your company page, it is important to understand what meta descriptions are and the role they play. Stay tuned to learn more about meta descriptions, how long they should be, what information they contain and why they matter. What Are Meta Descriptions? Before diving into the value and purpose of meta descriptions, it is important to define exactly what they are. The short definition is that a meta description is an HTML attribute that briefly summarizes the content of a particular webpage. An HTML attribute is a way to provide additional information about an element using code. This makes it possible for search engines to understand and display information correctly.The longer definition of a meta description is that it is the information that a user will see when on a search engine results page (SERP). Say, for example, that you go to Google and search for vacation destinations near Boston. When you click search, youll see the first page of results. Each of those results will have a title tag, which is like a headline, and underneath that will be the actual link to the page, known as the slug. Both of those items are clickable, which means that users can click on them and be instantly directed to the webpage. Below those elements, there is a brief description in black text. This description is the meta description. It summarizes the content of the page linked above it, and it helps users determine which of the links on the SERP will be most valuable to them. Using Meta Descriptions to Boost SEO SEO is the acronym for search engine optimization. The objective of SEO is to get more users to your website organically. The goal is to have your website appear in SERPs and then have more people click on your website to learn more. There are many different ways that you can boost SEO through metadata, but one of the most effective is through the use of meta descriptions.Think about the last time that you navigated onto a SERP. You probably faced at least 10 results on a single page, not to mention endless other pages with countless more results. How do you choose which of these results to click on? Many people will click on the first link on the results page no matter what, and others will look for a website name they recognize. Others, however, will pay close attention to the meta descriptions under each link to find out which website is the right fit for their query.If your meta description is appealing and accurate and it communicates the right amount of information, then users are more likely to click on your link. Over time, this increases your traffic substantially. Perhaps even more importantly, it shows search engines like Google that users prefer your content to the content of your competitors, boosting all of your content over time. The Value of an Up-to-Date Meta Description In terms of timeliness, there are two major types of content: Timely content and evergreen content. Timely content is only relevant for a short period of time, but evergreen content can be valuable for years to come. Take a look at these two examples of timely and evergreen content titles:Timely Content: 10 Ways to Celebrate New Years in 2019 Evergreen Content: 10 Fun Ways to Ring in the New Year at HomeOften, websites go back and update older content so that it remains relevant. While this can be a great idea, dont forget to update the meta description as well. If a webpage talks about 2019 fashion trends but the meta description still talks about 2017, then both Google and users will skip over your content in favor of something more relevant.Plus, you want your meta description to be an accurate reflection of the content it is summarizing. If your meta description promises an in-depth analysis of the 2018 election but your content talks about something different, then users will leave your page quickly in search of the information they are truly after. What Is the Ideal Length of a Meta Description? There is only room for a sentence or two underneath the title tag and web address in a search engine results page. Because of this, youll need to craft a meta description that can sum up your content in a set amount of words. Ideally, your meta description should be at least 1 1 words long. This ensures that it contains enough information to be informative to users as well as to search engines.In the past, Google has recommended that meta descriptions be anywhere from 135 to 160 characters. However, that has recently been updated to a maximum of 230 characters. If you use more than 230 characters in your meta description, there is a risk that it will be cut off. To include the whole description, cut it down until youre confident that it is somewhere between 135 and 230 characters. Crafting the Perfect Meta Description Now that you know how long your meta descriptions should be and why they are so important, it is time to learn how to write the perfect meta descriptions. The following are some of the top tips to keep in mind when writing meta descriptions.Keywords or Key Phrases: One of the most critical things youll need to include in your meta description is a keyword or a key phrase. This ensures that search engines know when to suggest your content and your page. If youre writing about restaurants in New York, be sure to include those exact words in your meta description. At the same time, dont stuff keywords in your meta description. The writing should be natural and geared toward readers, not toward robots.Include a Call to Action: What do you want people to do after they read your meta description? Most of the time, the goal is for them to click on your link. Dont be afraid to include a call to action right in your meta description to encourage them to take the next step. Great words and phrases to include could be some of the following: Click here Check it out Learn More Read on DiscoverSummarize Your Content Accurately: It might be tempting to elaborate or embellish within your meta description. However, that can be a mistake. Your meta description should always accurately depict what users can expect to find if they click through. Accurate descriptions mean that users will be pleased with the results. If they click thro ugh and leave immediately, that wont help your business or your rankings on search engines like Google.Make Each Meta Description Unique: A surprising number of websites use the same meta descriptions for each of their pages. While that might save a little time, it wont help your SEO rankings. Your meta description should be specific to each page, so using the same description twice isnt going to be accurate. Every single time that you create new content in the form of an article or a blog post, make sure that you also take a few minutes to create a brand-new meta description for that content. Typically, it is best if the author of the content also writes the meta description.Use an Active Voice: To encourage people to click through to your link, and to excite them as they read your meta description, aim to use an active voice. Keep the tense present whenever possible since using past tense can make the description feel dry or outdated. Think about how you might talk to a friend. Yo ull probably have a conversational tone, and thats the same tone you should strive for when writing meta descriptions. Google Updates That Impact Meta Descriptions Google has made it very clear that meta descriptions do not factor in their algorithm when ranking websites. That might sound discouraging, but dont stop writing meta descriptions just yet. Your meta description will still impact the CTR, or the click-through rate. The better your meta description, the more people will click through to your link. Google does take the CTR into consideration when ranking pages. So, in a roundabout way, meta descriptions can impact your rankings over time.It is also important to know that in some cases, Google will override your meta description. If search engines dont feel that your meta description is accurate, or if they feel a different snippet of your webpage is a better representation of your content, they can replace your meta description with alternate content from your page.Meta des criptions are incredibly important, and they should be written with care. Once you understand the value of meta descriptions, youll start to see just how much they can impact everything from click-through rates to web traffic. With the right meta descriptions, your content will be seen by more users organically.

Why Russian Jew Made good immigrants essays

Why Russian Jew Made good immigrants essays Almost 3 million Jews of Eastern European and Russian decent settled in New York Citys Lower East side between 1890 and 1910. The primary reason for this large migration in such numbers was to escape the harsh persecution of the Russian government. During this time of mass European migration, many ethnic groups such as Italian and Irish were frowned upon by natural born Americans and other immigrants from England, France and Germany. But Russian Jews were deemed the least desirable of all immigrants. The thoughts of most Americans were that the Jews were unclean, illiterate and had no desire to adapt to the American culture. Russian Jews possessed many traits that should have been considered desirable by all immigrants. Russian Jews considered education extremely important and held educated men in high regard. Russian Jews tended not to engage in excessive drinking or other vices that led to crime and sickness. And as a group Russian Jews were law-abiding citizens who came to America be productive and not drain the public and private charities set up to help the poor. Jewish immigrants possessed a great respect for education and educators. In Eastern Europe and Russia education was restricted for Jews. Many immigrates came here unable to read and write their native language. Once in America, it became a priority for them to learn the language of their new country. Many Jewish immigrants filled the classes of night schools or hired educated Hebrews to tutor them in the tenements. And this was after working long hours in the sweatshops. Jewish immigrant parents made huge sacrifices to send their children to school. They have high hopes for the futures of their children, and often set lofty professional goals for them. The public schools in the Jewish ghettos were overcrowded, but they still maintained a high standard of learning and achievement for its students. The Russian Jews were generally not a peop ...

A Small Scale Study on the Perspectives of Saudi Undergraduate Assignment

A Small Scale Study on the Perspectives of Saudi Undergraduate Students on the Use of Smartphones as a Motivational Learning Tool in Preparatory Year Language - Assignment Example he primary language of international trade, science and technology and since Saudi Arabia is the world’s largest oil producing country, English is perceived as an integral part of the human resource development agenda of the Saudi government (Alseweed, 2009). Given the Saudi government’s commitment to improving English language skills in Saudi Arabia as evidenced by 6 years of compulsory English at school and the unsatisfactory results, several studies have been conducted on identifying the reasons for the unsatisfactory acquisition of English language among Saudi students and how to best motivate Saudi students for improved results (Alsewee, 2009; Liton, 2012; Khan, 2011). Informed by adult learning theories, this research proposes to investigate the effectiveness and efficiency of smartphone use in preparatory year language learners in Saudi Arabia. Adult learning theories inform that adult learners are more complex than children learners and that as adults, experienc es together with fixed opinions and perceptions instruct that adults are more amenable to learning that takes account of their specific needs and interests (Hough, 1984). Barrs (2011) considered the learning needs and interests of young adult students and the advances in mobile technology and argued that smartphones in particular have a particular value as a language learning tool for young university students. For the most part, these students own and use smartphones regularly. Moreover, young university students also rely on a number of smartphone applications for sharing and processing information and have access to this information via smartphones on a continuous level. Therefore smartphones can be used to channel the interest, experience and technological needs of young adult students as a... This study will therefore contribute to adult learning theories and the exploration of the possibility of smartphone technologies as a means of enhancing Saudi Arabia preparatory year student’s acquisition of a second language. A qualitative case study will be conducted among male students in the preparatory year at a college in Saudi Arabia. A phenomenological approach will be taken in that students will be interviewed as a means of discovering their experiences with leaning English and their attitudes toward smartphones as a learning tool and how this correlates with their interest and learning needs. The aim of this proposed research is to determine the extent to which the use of smartphones is a viable learning tool for improving the language proficiency of preparatory year language students in Saudi Arabia. Since this research focuses on a specific programme in Saudi Arabia, it is a social phenomenon that is more appropriately investigated using a qualitative case study. Since this research is investigating an educational programme with a view to determining whether or not the use of smartphones can improve language proficiency and thus motivational learning, an illustrative case study will be conducive to achieving this research objective. The illustrative case study will allow for the collection of rich and detailed person-centred data, describing individual perspectives and feelings and thus informing whether or not smartphones are appropriate learning tools for young adult language learners in Saudi Arabia’s preparatory language programme.

Organizational behavior Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Organizational behavior - Assignment Example Positive organizational culture helps to improve the relationship between the organization and the regulatory authorities. Organizations with a positive corporate culture are guaranteed of success in the long-run. This is because customers gain a lot of interest in the products of a company whose organizational culture is strong (Bratton et al 10). It is also necessary for organizations to have a positive culture since it creates a favorable work environment. As a result, the employees feel motivated to work and give their best while performing the assigned tasks. Organizations whose cultures are positive can have the tasks performed effectively and with a lot of efficiency. Moreover, organizational culture helps organizations to adapt to change with a lot of ease. Compared to organizations whose corporate culture is weak, firms with a positive culture can adapt to changes in technology, as well as advancements in the way business is conducted. Organizations with a strong culture have the ability to create unique brands and at the same time perform well financially (Schein

Communication is a process of exchange data, information, ideas, thoughts, and emotions

Communication is a process of exchange data, information, ideas, thoughts, and emotions Introduction: I am to speak ten minutes; I need a week for preparation; if fifteen minutes, three days; if half an hour, two days; if an hour, I am ready now.  ~ Woodrow Wilson Communication is a process of exchange data, information, ideas, thoughts, and emotions. Basically it is two way process of exchange that involves sender and receiver. Sender is a person who encodes and sends the information and which is then received by the receiver through different communication channels where the message is decodes, information is being processed and the proper reply can be send via the same communication channel. Effective communication plays very important role in any organization. The best thing to get the organizational goals or objectives, communication is the most important thing. However in some organization communication unfortunately is neglected and is the main issue for those companies who are not performing well. The employees who have poor communication skill in the organization have les chances of growth and development so it is very important and critical issues for the organizations now days. (Gopal, Namita G.: 2009) Types of Communication: Communication might be through diverse processes and methods and the different channel and style of communication. There can be different types of communication.   Types of Communication Based on Communication Channels on the basis of the channels used for communication, it can be divided into two Verbal communication Non-Verbal Communication In Verbal communication it includes written and oral communication while in non-verbal communication it includes body language like gesture, pasture, nodding etc., expressions and visuals diagrams or pictures. Verbal Communication It can be further divided into Oral communication. Written In the oral communication it includes the spoken words in the whole process. It can either be face-to-face or chatting with the people over the phone or over the Internet. Sometime in oral communication conversations might be influenced by the voice tone, pitch, level and even the speed and clearness of speaking. While in Written communication it can be either by post, letter, fax, or email. The effectiveness of written communication can be affected by the writing style, grammar and vocabulary used and clearness and accuracy of language.   Nonverbal Communication   While in non verbal communication the person who communicates, the overall body language of the person in which his postures, gestures and the movements of the whole body. However the facial expressions are very important in non verbal communication it will show the mood of the person who is speaking. While the gestures express the emotions like a handshake, a smile or a hug. It can also be in the form of pictures, signboards painting etc. Types of Communication Based on Style and Purpose There are two broad types of communication which is based on the style of , Formal Communication Informal communication Formal Communication   It is usually relates to a large or small group speaking. It is mostly strict and bound to rules. It always is in a formal or official format. Basically all sort of business or corporate communication comes in formal communication. Conferences, meetings and written memos and corporate letters in any official languages are used for communication. It can occur between two strangers when they meet first time to each other Formal communication can also occur between two strangers when they meet for the first time. Formal Communication should be formal, straightforward and precise. However instances of non verbal communication such as wearing of business attire in order to be more professional Informal Communication Informal communication is a type in which people talk to each other freely and usually it is related to interpersonal communication however it is bounded by rule made of society norms but the speaker can speak freely and there is more room to be free. The speaker can say anything which he/she thinks. Informal communication can be between friends, family and relatives or any person who have the similar wavelength as It does not have any rigid rules and guidelines. It does not restrict with the time limit, place and events or subjects. It is more emotional form of communication where the less emphasis on non verbal communication and more emphasis on real feelings. (Hamilton, C.:2007) Importance of Communication in an Organization: The most important and best function of management in any organization is communication. It is impossible to have relations to ach other without communication. However for good and successful business the effective communication is required. (Means L.Thomas:2009) Effective Communication has its importance in any organization due to the followings: For Manager ____ Relations with Employees: Information and decision is a main component of management- employee relations. What a manger wants from its employees it can not be done unless and until there is a strong communication between them. Mostly management problems arise if the communication level is weak between them. There are more chances of misunderstanding and misrepresentation can be reduced by effective and proper communication. Motivational and Morale of Employees: The best tool for the motivation of the employees is effective communication that can increase not only the morale but also the innovation and creativity. While the morale and performance of the employees can be low due to inappropriate communication. Productivity: Effective communication in any organization can maintain excellent human relations and by encouraging the employees the productivity can be increased. For Employees: In order to get the full utilization of human resource and work to be done on time from employees only be possible by effective communication. Organization who are having the speedy and effective communication policy and procedures can avoids to delays the work, confusion, and misunderstanding. Communication Networks: Basically it is a way that how people communicates to each other. As Griffin (2007) said it is a pattern by which the members of a group communicate. The employees make groups in the organization to pass information and decision. According to Gareth R,Jones and Jennifer R, These are the basic structures that tell us that how messages and communication and information flow between different employees, teams or the group of any organization. Types of Communication Networks: These are the following types of communication networks: electronicbizniz.wordpress.com Wheel Network: It is just like a group leader work n which one person passes information and messages and there is more than one person to receive it. Other members of the group might not communicate to each other to carry out well. Example: It is just a team work in any organization where the people work in a team but the. Messages are passes by group leader and employees receive the messages from that leader. Like if there are group of consultant they need to listen or report to regional mentor only. Usually it does not exist in team work. Y Network: In this form of communication the information flows between two people at one point only but after that it can be splits up to two people .However in other way it is less centralised as compared to the wheel network. The central member acts as a gatekeeper to pass information and allows only certain information to pass to other members. (Segrin: 2005). Example: Like in any organization the Managing director acts as a source of information and will pass it to his assistant director and from this point the information flows to the manger of the particular department. Chain Network: In this form the information flows between so many departments or people. It is the simplest form of the network as compare to others. It is just like a chain of information between different departments. Communication can be done by the members in a pre planned sequence. Example: The best example is assembly line group in which employees only communicate with only those who work precedes. Circle Network: In this type the employees can communicate to each other and can share their beliefs, experiences expertise, location etc. Example: The people who are socially informal can be the part of circle network and can share their personal information as well. All Channel Network: It is usually found in teams. It might be high levels of intense communication. Every members of the team can communicate to the member of the team. Example: IT related programmes are the best example for this effective communication in team. Star Network: No restriction is placed on any member of the group to communicate to each other. (V.Lewis:1987) They can communicate freely and convey their messages to each other without any restrictions. Example: In the Board meeting where every member is free to flow information and get some good result. (Gareth R.Jones, Jennifer M. George: 2000) Vertical Vs Horizontal Communication: Communication in the organizational structure can be upward, downward or the horizontal within the hierarchy. In any organization Vertical communication is a communication where the information flows from different level of authority within the organization where as the horizontal communication in which information flows between the same level of authority or with the similar power or grade. Vertical Communication: This is a type of communication where the information flows or communication occurs between hierarchically positioned persons and it can involve both downward and upward flows. According to Larkin and Larkin (1994) that downward communication is more effective than the upward communication as the top managers passes the information or communicates directly to the immediate supervisors and then they communicate directly to their staff or sub ordinates. As employees has trust and have great desires to communicate to the supervisors if supervisor is perceived to have more powers and authorities. These are the following advantages and disadvantages of the vertical communication; Advantages of Vertical Communication: Develop a strong relationship between the super and sub ordinates Develop confident and trust between vertical hierarchy Motivation level increase Way of getting the feedback. Disadvantages of Vertical Communication: Threat of leakage of secret Information transferred by the super-ordinate to its sub-ordinate Time consuming and cost spending Coordination issues. Horizontal Communication: Horizontal communication usually takes place among the employees of the same authority or level or department or division in the organization. Advantages of Horizontal Communication: Secret information is not a problem Time saving and faster communication increase the productivity Any new idea can be brought up and this will automatically increase the innovation and development Resolve the issues so quickly level of confidence raise Disadvantages of Horizontal Communication: The Chances of conflict and miscommunication may rise. It can be worthless at times. (Sharon A. Cermak, Dawne Larkin:2002) Conclusion: The main recipe of the success in any organization is the good communication skill in the organization. All type of communication is very important and must be effective in the organization. The level of communication with different people varies from organization to organization. The people must have the adaptability to grasp that level of communication in order to get the objectives and aims of the organization. The organization must have effective communication system in order for the accomplishment of the objectives. Because in this modern era of technologies every organization needs innovation and creativity and the effective communication between the organizations can bring these changes so quickly.

1950s vs Today

Throughout history the roles of women have changed dramatically. Since the 1950’s, women have slowly but surely evolved into the individuals one sees today in public offices, law firms or even the five o’ clock news. However, this evolution did not occur over night. Although women in the 1950’s and today have dealt with similar stereotypes, today life has greatly improved because women aren’t as pressured to get married, are taken more seriously in the business world, and are even making as much or more money as men.One reason daily life has greatly improved for women today is because women aren’t as pressured to get married now. In the 1950’s most women married after high school and fell into their traditional roles right away. The U. S. marriage rate was at an all-time high and couples were tying the knot, on average, younger than ever before. Getting married right out of high school or while in college was considered the norm. Now, studies show American women are waiting longer than ever to get married. The average age at first marriage hit a record high of 24. years old in 1994, up from 20 years old in the mid 1950’s. That’s the oldest age since the Census Bureau started asking about the age at marriage in 1890. There are also many changes in today’s families; fewer women staying at home, fewer children born to families, and more women in college. Now men are able to stay home with the kids and become a â€Å"stay-at-home dad† while the woman â€Å"brings home the bacon†. Secondly, life has improved for women today because now women are taken more seriously in the business world.In the 1950's, the fact that a woman was even attending college was uncanny and paranormal, and the few brave women that chose to learn further were not taught mathematics and science (fields they were later going to succeed in) but home economics and cooking. Additionally, during the 1950’s, because housekeeping and raising a family were considered ideal female roles, only two out of five women with husbands and school-age children worked outside the home. In today’s world women account for 55% of all college students and 60% of women work outside the home as opposed to 34% in 1950.There are even 1. 6 million women as military veterans; another 164,000 currently serve in the military (accomplishments that would otherwise have been considered bizarre). Lastly, daily life has improved for women today because today women are making as much or more money as men. In the 1950’s some women worked the same jobs that men did, however, they got less pay and fewer opportunities. At that time, young women typically made about 58 cents to every dollar a young man made, today its 82 cents and rising.Nowadays, there are also many changes in job compensation including some women executives making almost 15% more than their male counterparts. Furthermore, a dual income is a neces sity due to a collapsing economy and now families need a woman’s income for financial support. It’s apparent that women's roles have drastically changed in the last sixty years. Women have gone from being Suzie Homemaker or June Cleaver to strong feminists like Hillary Clinton or Gloria Stinen. Women have been able to make a difference in the world.They've been able to do more than just make an imprint in their children's lives. They've become hard workers, strong leaders, achievers, and providers. Women have come a long way since the 50’s but there is still so much more to go. Thanks to the advancement of women, America is now beginning to have a better way of life where competence is not measured by our sex but by the skills we possess. Women of the 1950’s and Today By Kimberly Real Compare and Contrast Essay English 096-CW7 October 22, 2010 Instructor: Professor Finnell

Growing up through child abuse and neglect Essay

Many people do not realize how a child growing up in an abusive or neglected household affects their future. People go through hard times hiding it from the world; secretly hoping someone finds out about their story and helps them. There are many children throughout the world that do not know what it is like growing up with a normal parental figure. They go everyday living the life they live hoping to get out of it. Children that are abused or neglected go day after day worrying about when they will eat next, be looked at normal, feel special, and feel loved again. Children that grow up in an abusive/neglected household do not grow up with the correct way of parenting. Usually the child ends up gravitating towards another person or thing that helps them get through their tragedy. Jeannette in The Glass Castle is a child that goes through life with her two siblings being neglected by her parents. She struggles to get out of Welch and move to New York to start her life over. In Damaged , Jodie is a child that has been abused since she was very young. She has been through foster home after foster home till she meets Cathy. In the third book, A Stolen Life, Jaycee is kidnapped at the age of eleven and is abused by her kidnapper Phillip. She has two of his children by the age of seventeen and is forced to live with the fact that she will possibly not be able to see her family again. All three of these books show us that even though you have multiple rough patches in your life, you can always find a reason to keep moving forward. In The Glass Castle, Damaged, and A Stolen life, three girls go through abuse and neglect as a child, but are able to overcome it with the help of gravitating towards another figure. In the books The Glass Castle, Damaged, and A Stolen Life, the characters’ abuse and neglect in the household is very diverse. These three books talk about how hard it is to live with a parental figure that does not truly care about you. They go through life trying to figure out what they are worth and why this is happening to them. Jeannette, Jodie, and Jaycee are three young girls trying to find their part in this world hoping to get out of their family tragedies. Many people go through life growing up in a household full of abuse. Children can be abused by their parental figures in many different ways. It can be verbal abuse, physical abuse, and psychological abuse. If a child is being abused it usually starts at a young age and goes up till someone finds out about it or they end up moving out. Children tend to hide what is happening to them  because they think it is not as bad as it is. Many adults that are abusive to their children were abused when they were young. â€Å"Brian, his cheeks wet with tears, was holding his hands protectively between his legs† (Walls 146). In The Glass Castle, Jeannette’s grandmother tries to abuse her little brother Brian. Because of her doing this, it makes the children think that she abused their father when he was a child. When children find out that their friend is being abused, they try to hide it as much as they can because they do not want to be the person to get their friend in trouble. In Damaged, the girl in the story is a child that has been taken into foster care. After her eight years of being abused, she is finally taken out of the home Jodie has been abused by multiple adults, men and women; her mother and father, and their friends. This book has many things that deal with abuse in the household. â€Å"Taking off my clothes† (Glass 60). Jodie feels the need to take her clothes off when Cathy goes to take her picture to put into her scrapbook. Jodie tries to take her clothes off because when she lived with her mother and father they would abuse her and take pictures of her and other children naked. Because this has started at such a young age, Jodie thinks that it is perfectly normal to act in this behavior. When adults start abusing their children at such a young age, they grow up thinking that it is okay to do these things and that every family does it. Children that tend to be abused only remember certain parts of what has happened to them. This is because they shut down their brain so that they can be there physically but not mentally. This tends to stunt their growth and this is why Jodie is a three to four year old in an eight year old body. When children are very young, their development does not start as fast as non-abused children making then be in slower classes during school and not being able to function properly. (Guli, et. al.) Children need help with their development and they should not be abused in any kind of way. Children that are abused in the household tend to hide what is going on with them at school. Children do not like to tell people what is happening to them because they do not want people to look at them weird or someone telling their parents. The child is in enough trouble at home, he/she does not want it to be at school too. Children feel like school is their â€Å"get away† from the reality. Children do not want to feel like they are bringing  Ã¢â‚¬Å"drama† into the classroom and they do not want to have all of the attention towards them. In the book The Glass Castle, Jeannette tries to hide how poor her family is at school. She does not like the way the kids look at her during class because of what she is wearing. Even though she isn’t abused at home, she is still neglected and not taken care of. â€Å"One day that winter, I went to a classmate’s house to work on a school project† (Walls 179). While Jeannette was at their house she was shocked a t how big it was and how they had a refrigerator and washers and dryers. She has never seen anything like it because her family is too poor to afford things like that. This is because her family would rather spend their money on booze and art supplies for the parents than taking care of their children. Jeannette thinks that the kids at school make fun of her for what she wears and because she smells. She does not like having to wear the same outfit for a year straight with only washing it once or twice. Children these days are very self-conscious about what they look like around others and if they will fit in or not. In a different manner, Jodie from Damaged likes to tell the students in her class about what has happened to her. She thinks school is a safe place to be so she is comfortable with opening up to people. She does not really understand that what she is saying is inappropriate for school, but with her lack of knowledge she thinks it is okay, Jodie is known to have flashbacks of what happened to her the safer she feels. â€Å"Jodie was clinging to the radiator, her eyes wide and staring, her body rigid with fear† (Glass 268). Jodie thinks that her father is going to come to her school and pick her up like he did when she lived with her family. When she was little and she lived with her parents, her mother and father would pick her up in their van and he would abuse her in the back while her mother video taped it. School is a safe place for children to go when they are beign abused at home. They are taken care of and feel like they have a sense of purpose being there learning. They are taken care of by teachers that have a special bond with each and every student they have. In A Stolen Life, Jaycee Dugard is kidnapped at the age of eleven and lives with her captive for eighteen years. She stopped going to school at that time and has missed out on many childhood activities. When she was fourteen she had her first daughter. Her second came soon after. After the eighteen years of being hidden it was her first daughter’s turn to go to high school. â€Å"Walking the halls of the high  school grounds brought up feelings of grief for what I had lost† (Dugard 142). Jaycee had to go through life wondering what it wou ld be like to got to a high school and she was never able to go. She was sort of jealous that her daughter is able to go through the experience she did not. When you are an adult and you do not get the opportunity to go to a high school or do anything with your childhood, you miss out on a part of your lifetime that you will never get back. People grow up in homes that are neglected. It is not as severe as abuse but it is actually really close. Many people do not realize how much neglect can impact a person. Neglect can happen when the parents are not giving their child the emotional attention they need. The parent should supply food, clothing and shelter for their child. Neglect fits into A Glass Castle perfectly. The parents do not provide a proper hosue or any food for their three kids. The parents make them sleep in cardboard boxes because they cannot afford beds. The parents could also not hold a steady job making them have to move out of their houses multiple times. â€Å"We counted eleven places we had lived, then we lost track† (Walls 48). By the age of four, Jeannette had moved eleven times because her father lost his job and could not pay the house bill. Before the bank could file the charge they would move so they could not find them. All of this moving makes it impossible for her and her siblings to g row up in a stable home, school and town. Because of their lack of money, they could not afford to buy food for days. The kids would starve till the day their dad came home after winning money from gambling, then most of the time he would use it on alcohol. Adults that neglect their children usually were not given the attention that they needed as a child so it is the only way they knows how to raise them. Sometimes neglect can be from a step parent. They think that since the child is not theirs then they do not need to give it as much attention as their own children. â€Å"I look forward to going to school most days because it gives me time away from all of his criticism† (Dugard 3). In A Stolen Life, Jaycee hates to be home alone with her step dad because all he does is criticize her and tell her what she is doing wrong. Carl has a daughter and he treats her like his little princess. He treats her very differently from the way he treats Jaycee. To Carl Jaycee is just another person that is living in his house  and he could not care less if she left. Parents that do not give their children the right attention make them feel like they are not as important to them. This makes the child feel like they need to try to get the attention of the adult in any way possible. Not getting enough attention is a cause of suicide in younger children and even adults. Children that do not get the right amount of food tend to develop poor nutrition which has a negative impact on the child’s physical and psychological development (Ed. Fu. Wi.) Many parents do not realize they are neglecting their children until there is a break were they can tell or something huge happens. Neglect occurs mostly with the lack of communication within the family. Communication can consist of saying good or nice things to the child. There should always be a positive attitude in the household. There should also always be a good set of rules and guidelines that are followed by both the child and the adult. Sometimes there is a lack of communication between the parent and the child and they both have a different view on life. When the parent The Glass Castle, Damaged, and A Stolen Life, talk about how the child grows up with a household full of neglect and abuse and how they get through it. Having abuse and neglect in a household can either be mental or physical and even psychological. Children feel the need to hide what is going on with them at home from school. Children feel like if other kids find out what they are going through and how their parents are different from theirs then they will get made fun of and not fit in. this can also be shown by the lack of communication between the adult and the child. If they do not have a good communication system they will not be able to understand what is wrong and what is right. Children struggle to find a way to get through their situation. They look for the help of others through outsiders and through family. Children also get through their tragedy with the help of mental attitude. As long as you have a positive mental attitude, you can pull yourself through the hurt. Also, with the help of other people’s mental attitude, it helps get children to realize that it is not so bad. One of the hardest, yet rewarding things is living in an abused or neglected house and being able to get through it. Many people do not realize who hard it is for a child to get through their hard times. Children usually have a  positive attitude about life but when this is going on, to them, they feel like they are problem. They feel like they are the problem. When this is how a child feels, they mentally give up and do not feel like they should try any more. A child that wants to give up doesn’t not feel like they are good enough for their parents children need to know that they have a reason for living; they have a purpose to keep going. In my first book, The Glass Castle, Jeannette goes through anything and everything that could tear her down. As she grows up she realizes that she deserves better and that she should get away she realizes that she I old enough to move out making her want to move to New York like her sister did. â€Å"Maybe not right now, not this minute- it was the middle of the school year -but I could wait until I finished eleventh grade â€Å"(Walls 236). Jeannette knows that she deserves a better life and will not stop to get it. Her sister helped her get through it and has her realize that if she can move there then Jeannette could in my second book, Damaged, Jodie gets through her problems with the help of her foster mother Cathy. Jodie learns how to control herself a tad better. â€Å"Paula and I took her to a steak house (as a change from pizza) and while we waited for ours to arrive Jodie suddenly looked directly at Paula and said â€Å"I like your top, it’s very pretty† (Glass 337). Jodie has been becoming less and less able to know what she is doing. Even though she is getting wo rse, her memory is letting her be able to get over what happened. Family has also helped Jaycee, in A Stolen Life, get through being kidnapped. After she had her two daughters, she knew she had to stay positive to keep her girls happy. â€Å"I have done my best to educate them in the back yard, but I could only go so far.† (Dugard 138). Jaycee tried to give her the best life they could have while living there. These three girls have tried so hard to get through what they were stuck in. They all have a family member that helped them get through it and they lean on them for comfort. Another way people get through their lives is with the help of outsiders. This could be anyone like teachers, friends, neighbors, anyone really. Most of the time people want to help others. Outsiders do not know what could be happening to you when you are at home. But if you tell someone you could save yourself. In the book, The Glass Castle, Jeannette has outsiders that tell her about New York. Once she hears that she can actually get out of Welch, she has no reas on to want to stay there anymore. â€Å"I’ve got a feeling  about you, she said â€Å"I think you’ll do all right up there† (Walls 239). Jeannette’s teacher was there for her and knew how great of a person she is. She supports her in her career on her articles for the newspaper and knows that she will get a job in New York and write for the big time magazines. Outside is also help Jodie, in the book Damaged, with her foster care. Jodie was sent to High Oaks to be taken care of since Cathy cant anymore. â€Å"Ron and Betty are like me. They help children who have been hurt, only they do it better than me† (Glass 302). Cathy doesn’t have the ability to teach Jodie and get her to cooperate. Many people also help like police officers in the book, A Stolen Life; Jaycee finally gets found out about and is taken to the police station. â€Å"It looks like an evil spell.† (Dugard 209). Jaycee finally gets to use her real name and doesn’t have to hide in a backyard anymore. These three books all have at least one person that tries to help them from that had an idea of what they were going thro ugh. Many people do not realize that being able to get through it is mostly about mental attitude. You have to be able to know that you will one day get out of your situation. You have to have a positive outlook on what it will be like once it’s all over. In A Glass Castle, Jeannette and her family have to move in with her grandparents in Welch. They are looking for a new home there but everything is torn down and old Jeannette tries to make the best of the move by saying â€Å"maybe in the summer we can go fishing and swimming† (Walls 133). Jeannette always tries to have a good mental attitude she knows that if she doesn’t try to make things better than they are, then no one will. In my second book, Damaged, Cathy has to have a positive mental attitude to be able to take care of Jodie and her children. â€Å"I always felt better after a walk, and for Jodie the energy release was essential, otherwise she’d be hyperactive for the rest of the day† (Glass 65). Cathy is always stressed with dealing with how Jodie acts and all the attention that she needs to give her. She always has a positive attitude through making her capab le of getting through every day. In my last book, A Stolen Life, Jaycee has to have a positive mental attitude to keep her children happy. Even though she has gone through anything and everything to tear her down, she still wakes up every day so her girls do not realize anything is wrong. â€Å"We spend many hours on the beach, I love playing in the water with the girls† (Dugard 155). Jaycee loves spending time outside of the  backyard, even though it is scary for her to be out. She is happy and full of life to make sure her girls are happy. The two girls do not realize what was happening to them was wrong. That since they were born into it they think it is normal. People do not realize the impact they have on an abused or neglected child. If someone is willing to help you, let them. Any little bit of help works. A stranger’s attitude helps or hurts a child by if the person is high spirited or low spirited. In all three of the books I chose to read, they had an outsider help them get through their problems with a positive mental attitude. In the first book a Glass Castle, Jeannette gets help from her tea cher by always having a positive attitude around her. She always tends to tell her how she is doing and makes her feel good about herself. â€Å"Mr. Muckenfuss conferred with Miss Bevins, and she told me as long as I kept clean she’s fight for me† (walls 204), Jeannette likes having someone there for her other than her brother and sister. When Miss Bevins in ta good mood and treats her nicely, she feels good about herself, and important. In Damaged, Jodie has the same thing happen to her. She likes it when she is getting attention from anyone and everyone. Jodie has many people that are nice to her and try to have a positive attitude around her so that she has one too. The people that take her after Cathy cant anymore are always having high spirits and are in a good mood. They know that this helps the children feel safer and are more comfortable. â€Å"Jodie grinned, not quite understanding what I’d said, but appreciating that it was special, and that it applied to her â€Å"(Glass 307). Cathy knew that Jodie would like her new family because they knew her needs and how to take care of her. Another way outsiders help children is in my third book, A Stolen Life. This is because, even though her kidnappers treated her poorly in the beginning, they grew like a family. This by no means is ok, but under the circumstanced, it was for Jaycee. The kidnappers end up treating her like their own daughter, except for occasion al times when Phillip used her. Jaycee wasn’t a normal kid, she didn’t grow up in a normal home, and she didn’t get to have the life she was planned to have. Her kidnappers helped her get through it thought because they cared about her and her two daughters out into the car with Nancy and we take off to the nail salon: (Dugard 155). Nancy (Phillip’s wife) takes Jaycee out to the girly things that girls normally do with their real moms. She pretends that she is her  real mother because she never had children of her own. Many peo ple are nice and giving to children because they know what it was like to be taken care of as a child and do not want others to be treated badly The Glass Castle, Damaged, and A Stolen Life, all show how a child can get through their tragedy. With the help of others, you can overcome whatever you would like. You can get help to get through it from family and outsiders. Your mental attitude and other’s mental attitude can help you get through the tragedy by making you have a positive feeling about life and the whole situation. Many people overcome their tragedy with the help of others. Children just need someone to tell, whether it be adults they personally know, school members, teachers or friends. Children tend to gravitate towards someone/thing whether it be friends, family or an idea of some sort. Having someone help them through their hard times gives them a reason to not give up. This is what makes children want to live their life and see what it will be like after their torture is over. When a child or adult is trying to overcome their tragedy, they need someone there to help them. People need someone there for them an someone to tell their story no matter how horrible it is when someone lets out their story it is a relieving feeling for them and helps them get through it and feel better about themselves. Usually they end up telling an adult searching for help. Thy think that since they know them on a personal level that they will be there for them for the most part this is true, in my first book, the Glass Castle, Jeannette looks to her older sister for advice to see what she did to get through the neglect in the house hold. Lori helped her by having her save up money so she could come live in New York with her. â€Å"That fall, Lori helped me find a public school where, instead of going to classes, the students signed up for internships all over the city† (Walls 248). Lori knew that Jeannette was good at writing articles for her school paper when she lived in welch so she told her about this college that she could go to and intern for the priority news paper. She ended up getting the job and was one of the best writers on the board. Jeannette looks at her sister as an adult figure because she is older and works for what she wants and if motivates Jeannette to leave Welch and change her whole life around. In my second book, damaged, Jodie looks up to Kathy for help and comfort. She finally feels safe around her and knows that she won’t hurt her. â€Å"Did your daddy do those things to you?†Ã‚  (Glass 134). Jodie feels like it is normal to be abused because it is something that she has grown up with. It just comes natural to her. Since she thinks it is normal she thinks that the other children’s parents do that to them. Ever since she started living with Cathy she realizes that what had happened to her was wrong and that Cathy was parenting her the correct way Jodie has had many people in her life that has hurt and abused her and had a hard time trusting Cathy to not. In my third book a stolen life, Jaycee has to trust her kidnapper to not hurt her. Jaycee’s life was in the hands of the man who took her. She has to look up to him and trust that he will be good to her. â€Å"I do remember, however, when my sister, Shayna, turned 16. I was 26 by then living i n Phillips secret back yard in my own tent!† (Dugard223). Jaycee was glad to finally be given her own room after so many years of living there. She had to look up to Phillip and Nancy kind of as parents because she didn’t know anyone else driving that time. These three books all talk about how the child grows up looking to find someone to trust to tell their story. Overcoming your tragedy can also involve school members, teachers, and friends. Many people do not realize that all a child needs is a friend, or anyone to talk to. In my first book, The Glass Castle, Jeannette has one friend that helps her get through her rough patch. Her friend Dinitia would allow her to go swimming with her since she couldn’t afford to pay to swim with all of the white kids. â€Å"Dinitia Hewitt was there too. That summer morning I’d spent swimming with Dinitia at the public pool was the happiest time I’d had in Welch†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Walls 199). Dinitia was Jeannette’s only friend and she was the only girl that would spend time with her. Jeannette needed someone to be there for her and to help her get through the drama of the household. In my second book, Damaged, Jodie feels the need to tell her classmates about what had happened to her. She felt safe as school, like no one could get her. This helped her get along with other students an d able to have some friends. â€Å"Jodie didn’t appear to notice anything amiss at all – in fact, she was full of high spirits and rather triumphant† (Glass 229). Since Jodie was new to the class, many friendships had already been created making Cathy nervous that Jodie would be left out. The children understood that Jodie had problems wrong with her and did not make fun of her. They  were all very nice and appreciative. Like in my third book, A Stolen life, Jaycee has to wait till the end of the book to finally get reconnected with her mother. Phillip seemed like he couldn’t take the stress of hiding her and the girls anymore so he confessed to taking her. After she was released she leaned to her mother for guidance about how to live a real life and how to really take care of her girls. Her mother had to show her how to live on her own and her sister had to teacher how to drive. â€Å"Every time thing seemed overwhelming, I would look at my mom and that happy feeling came back and te h warm light inside me grew bigger.† (Dugard 238). Jaycee knew that her mother was there to help her for good now. She didn’t have to be a fraid of losing her. Having her family back in her life keeps her moving forward. After a child has been abused or neglected, they tend to gravitate towards a person or thing. Children like having someone/thing to lean against for help. In my fist book, the glass castle, Jeannette gravitates to New York and the city life. She loves how there are so many people there and how fast pace everything is. â€Å"Our apartment was bigger than the entire house on little Hobart Street, and way fancier>†(Walls 247). Jeannette had never lived in an actual running house until now. She was more than ex cited to have an actual bathroom and kitchen. She loved how New York wasn’t like how people explained it and she knew that she would be there for a very long time. In my second book, damaged, Jodie tends to gravitate towards Cathy the most. She trusts Cathy and knows that she won’t hurt her. Jodie connects with Cathy and tries to get better for her. â€Å"Jodie and I had been together almost constantly for a year and I felt that everything we’d been through had bonded us and brought us close.† (Glass 317). Cathy knew that she couldn’t completely fix Jodie. She tried as hard as she could though and was the most normal thing to a real family she could have. Jodie liked living with Cathy and even though Jodie was having her problems Cathy loved Jodie like her own child. In my third book, a stolen life, Jaycee gravitates mostly to her two daughters. She knows that they need to take care of and them to give them the most normal life possible. â€Å"it’s hard to stand up for yourself when all the other person does is tell you how wrong you are and give you reasons why he is right.† (Dugard 218). Now that they are free she doesn’t have to listen to anyone else and she can make her own  rules. Jaycee is a great mother and now she has the chance to prove to the works that she is. Through all of the abuse and neglect in these three books, they all get through their problems with the help of gravitating towards someone/thing that makes them a stronger and a better person. When you gravitate towards someone it gives you a reason not to give up. You feel like you have a purpose and feel like you need to keep going. All three of these books relate to this statement by all three having a reason not to give up on others but mostly themselves. In, The Glass Castle, Jeannette does not give up because she knows that here is a better live out there for her and she will not stop till she gets it. Her sister and brother help her realize that they can get out of Welch and start their lives over. â€Å"I had no idea what my life would be like then, but as I gathered my school books and walked out the door, I swore to myself that it would never be like mom’s that I would not be crying my eyes out in an unheated shack in some godforsaken holler â€Å"(Walls 208). Jeannette does not want to live life like her mom and dad. She feels like if she stays in Welch, she will end up the same. This is what motivates her to keep going and not to give up hope. In Damaged, Cathy has to try to not give up hope for the fact of making Jodie better. Jodie went through so many foster homes and each and every one of them gave up on her and sent her back to social services. Jodie has many problems and Cathy feels like she is the only one that can help her. â€Å"I had given Jodie my promise that nothing of the kind would happen to her again and I was frightened that she would think I’d broken my promise and lose her trust in me.† (Glass 147). Cathy does not want Jodie to feel like she is hurting her, but helping her. After she had the examination she was better though. Cathy took care of Jodie better than anyone else had and Jodie could finally realize that. In A Stolen Life, Jaycee has to keep going for herself, her daughters, and to make sure her kidnapper got caught. Jaycee knew how hard it would be to act like everything was normal for her daughters and she got thr ough it all making them proud of her. She had to be the best mom she could even thought she was still only a child herself. â€Å"I am seventeen years old and I am about to have my second baby† (Dugard 122). Even though Jaycee was a young mother, she taught her girls school material the best she could since she ended  school when she was only eleven, that’s all she could teach them. She knew she wouldn’t give up hope that one day she will get out for the sake of her two girls. All three of these books relate in the way that they all have a reason not to give up on their problem. After comparing three different books, it is clear that when a child is going through abuse or neglect, they overcome it with the help of gravitating towards someone/thing. When a child is abused or neglected in a household, they tend to hide it from surrounding people, hoping that one day they will find out and help them. Abuse and neglect can be form lack of communication, or goes back to the parents and how they were rai sed. Children that grow up with the lack of parental figure in the lifetime tend to grow up faster and are able to take care of themselves at a young age. A child’s mental attitude can also affect the way they get through the tragedy by if it is positive or not. When a child has another person’s mental attitude helping them, they can get through the situation better. Children search for someone to tell their whole life until they are taken out of the problem. They will look for anyone to tell whether it be adults they know, teachers, class mates, friends, and neighbors. When you are being abused or neglected you feel like you have no reason to be there. Children think that when their parent is mad at them then they are worthless and their parents want nothing to do with them. Children gravitate towards someone or something that helps them feel important and comfortable. When they gravitate towards a figure they feel like they have a reason to live and a reason to not give up . Growing up in an abused or neglected household tends to affect your life on how you look at the world and how you live it. You feel scared that you will not be loved or that you will go back to the tragedy you lived. You find a place to feel safe, to feel needed.